Which of the following is not a function of management?

• A. Planning
• B. Monitoring
• C. Advocating
• D. Organizing

Answer: (C)

In management, the activities that keep a plan moving forward are planning, organizing, and monitoring (controlling). Planning sets the goals, timelines, and actions needed to reach the objectives. Organizing structures the resources—people, equipment, and processes—so those plans can be carried out effectively. Monitoring checks performance against the plan and makes adjustments to stay on track. Advocating, while it can be something a manager do in certain contexts, is not a formal management function. It’s more about promoting a cause or persuading others, rather than part of the ongoing process of planning, organizing, and controlling operations.